Sunday, November 22, 2009

Tamil language

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_script

Tamil (தமிழ் tamiḻIPA: [t̪ɐmɨɻ]) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent.


The closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam. Until about the ninth century, Malayalam was a dialect of Tamil.[20] Although many of the differences between Tamil and Malayalam evidence a pre-historic split of the western dialect,[21] the process of separation into distinct language, Malayalam was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century.


The Tamil script, like the other Indic scripts, is thought to have evolved from the Brahmi script.[4] The earliest inscriptions which are accepted examples of Tamil writing date to a time just after the Asokan period. The script used by these inscriptions is commonly known as the Tamil Brahmi or Tamiliscript, and differs in many ways from standard Asokan Brahmi.  New script for Tamil, which was formed by simplifying the Grantha script (which in turn derived from Southern Brahmi) in 7th century, the Pallava dynasty and used in Chola kingdoms as well. The Chola-Pallava script evolved into the modern Tamil script.


Tamil literature has existed for over two thousand years.[7] The earliest epigraphic records found date from around the third centuryBCE.[8] The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from the 300 BCE – 300 CE.[9][10] Inscriptions in Tamil Language from 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE have been discovered in Egypt and Thailand.[11][12] The first two ancient manuscripts from India,[13][14] to be acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 & 2005 were in Tamil.[15] More than 55% of the epigraphical inscriptions – about 55,000 – found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India are in the Tamil language.[16]


Tamil people (Tamilதமிழர்tamiḻar [?]), also called Tamils or Tamilians, are an ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state inIndia, and the north-eastern region of Sri Lanka. They speak Tamil (தமிழ்), with a recorded history going back two millennia.[8]Emigrant communities are found across the world. The Tamils are mostly Hindus with sizable Christian and Muslim populations.



Basic consonants

ConsonantISO 15919CategoryIPA
க்kvallinam[k][ɡ][x][ɣ][h]
ங்mellinam[ŋ]
ச்cvallinam[t͡ʃ][d͡ʒ][ʃ][s][ʒ]
ஞ்ñmellinam[ɲ]
ட்vallinam[ʈ][ɖ][ɽ]
ண்mellinam[ɳ]
த்tvallinam[t̪][d̪][ð]
ந்nmellinam[n]
ப்pvallinam[p][b][β]
ConsonantISO 15919CategoryIPA
ம்mmellinam[m]
ய்yidaiyinam[j]
ர்ridaiyinam[ɾ]
ல்lidaiyinam[l]
வ்vidaiyinam[ʋ]
ழ்idaiyinam[ɻ]
ள்idaiyinam[ɭ]
ற்vallinam[r][t][d]
ன்mellinam[n]

other lingual consonants

ConsonantISO 15919IPA
ஶ்ś[ɕ][ʃ]
ஜ்j[d͡ʒ]
ஷ்[ʂ]
ஸ்s[s]
ஹ்h[h]
க்ஷ்kṣ[kʂ]

Vowels

Isolated form

VowelISO 15919IPA
a[ʌ]
ā[ɑː]
i[i]
ī[iː]
u[u][ɯ]
ū[uː]
VowelISO 15919IPA
e[e]
ē[eː]
ai[ʌj]
o[o]
ō[oː]
au[ʌʋ]

[edit]Compound form

FormationCompound formISO 15919IPA
க் + அka[kʌ]
க் + ஆகா[kɑː]
க் + இகிki[ki]
க் + ஈகீ[kiː]
க் + உகுku[ku][kɯ]
க் + ஊகூ[kuː]

FormationCompound formISO 15919IPA
க் + எகெke[ke]
க் + ஏகே[keː]
க் + ஐகைkai[kʌj]
க் + ஒகொko[ko]
க் + ஓகோ[koː]
க் + ஔகௌkau[kʌʋ]

Compound table of Tamil letters

The following table lists vowel (uyir or life) letters across the top and consonant (mei or body) letters along the side, the combination of which gives all Tamil compound (uyirmei) letters.
Tamil compound table
Vowels →
Consonants ↓
க்காகிகீகுகூகெகேகைகொகோகௌ
ங்ஙாஙிஙீஙுஙூஙெஙேஙைஙொஙோஙௌ
ச்சாசிசீசுசூசெசேசைசொசோசௌ
ஞ்ஞாஞிஞீஞுஞூஞெஞேஞைஞொஞோஞௌ
ட்டாடிடீடுடூடெடேடைடொடோடௌ
ண்ணாணிணீணுணூணெணேணைணொணோணௌ
த்தாதிதீதுதூதெதேதைதொதோதௌ
ந்நாநிநீநுநூநெநேநைநொநோநௌ
ப்பாபிபீபுபூபெபேபைபொபோபௌ
ம்மாமிமீமுமூமெமேமைமொமோமௌ
ய்யாயியீயுயூயெயேயையொயோயௌ
ர்ராரிரீருரூரெரேரைரொரோரௌ
ல்லாலிலீலுலூலெலேலைலொலோலௌ
வ்வாவிவீவுவூவெவேவைவொவோவௌ
ழ்ழாழிழீழுழூழெழேழைழொழோழௌ
ள்ளாளிளீளுளூளெளேளைளொளோளௌ
ற்றாறிறீறுறூறெறேறைறொறோறௌ
ன்னானினீனுனூனெனேனைனொனோனௌ
Grantha compound table
Vowels →
Grantha consonants ↓
ஶ்ஶாஶிஶீஶுஶூஶெஶேஶைஶொஶோஶௌ
ஜ்ஜாஜிஜீஜுஜூஜெஜேஜைஜொஜோஜௌ
ஷ்ஷாஷிஷீஷுஷூஷெஷேஷைஷொஷோஷௌ
ஸ்ஸாஸிஸீஸுஸூஸெஸேஸைஸொஸோஸௌ
ஹ்ஹாஹிஹீஹுஹூஹெஹேஹைஹொஹோஹௌ
க்ஷ்க்ஷக்ஷாக்ஷிக்ஷீக்ஷுக்ஷூக்ஷெக்ஷேக்ஷைக்ஷொக்ஷோக்ஷௌ

[edit]Numerals and symbols

0123456789101001000
daymonthyeardebitcreditas aboverupeenumeral



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