“佛教”并没有承认造物主的存在，当属于无神论范畴，所以有人认为“佛教”并不是宗教，称为佛学更为恰当。
Buddhism, as traditionally conceived, is a path of liberation attained through insight into the ultimate nature of reality.[2] It is a religion or spiritual philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pali/Sanskrit "the awakened one").
佛教由古印度的釋迦牟尼（被稱為佛陀）在大約西元前6世紀建立. 「佛」，全稱「佛陀」，意思是覺悟者。[2]佛教重視人類心靈的進步和覺悟，人們的一切煩惱（苦）都是有因有緣的，“諸法因緣生，諸法因緣滅”。人和其他眾生一樣，沉淪於苦迫之中，並不斷的生死輪迴。惟有斷滅貪、嗔、痴的聖人（佛陀、辟支佛、和阿羅漢）才能脫離生死輪迴，達到涅槃（清涼寂靜之意，即無有煩惱）.
Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders")南傳佛教大致上就是上座部佛教（又被稱為小乘佛教) and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle")北傳佛教大致上包括大乘佛教（主要是漢傳佛教），以及秘密大乘佛教或金剛乘佛教（主要是藏傳佛教）[喇嘛教] 。 .Theravada, the oldest surviving, has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, whilst Mahayana, which is found throughout East Asia, includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tendai and Shinnyo-en.
漢傳佛教的十宗
Vajrayana, is recognized as an offshoot of the Mahayana.
藏傳佛教的教派
Other movements appeared in recent times, classified as Buddhist modernism.
世間萬法都是依因緣而生，依因緣而存在。世上沒有不依靠其他事物而獨立存在的東西，任何事物都是因緣合和而成；沒有什麼東西能夠不受其他事物的影響，也沒有什麼東西能夠不影響任何其他事物；任何事物都有前因，也有後果，而這種因果關係構成了一個無始無終的鏈條。
且依因緣而生之一切，也隨著現象的生起，而損耗其賴之生起的因緣，是故世間一切皆無法恆常。
In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought.
Mahayana Buddhism puts great emphasis and, in fact, encourages anybody to follow the path of a Bodhisattva.
Bodhisattva means either "enlightened (bodhi) existence (sattva)" or "enlightenment-being" or, given the variant Sanskrit spelling satva rather than sattva, "heroic-minded one (satva) for enlightenment (bodhi)". Another translation is "Wisdom-Being".[88]
Mahayana tradition separated them and considered that nirvana referred only to the extinction of craving (passion and hatred), with the resultant escape from the cycle of rebirth. This interpretation ignores the third fire, delusion: the extinction of delusion is of course in the early texts identical with what can be positively expressed as gnosis, Enlightenment.
The arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha
阿羅漢，按照大乘佛教的標準來看只能算是解脫個人的苦. 而真正徹底的解脫，成佛才能達到。
Bodhisattva is a person who already has a considerable degree of enlightenment and seeks to use their wisdom to help other sentient beings to become liberated themselves.
大乘佛教的核心就是「悲」和「空」.
大乘佛教的修行方法主要是六種，稱為六度（或六波羅蜜）：布施，持戒，忍辱，精進，禪定，般若。
這種以成佛為終極目標進行修行的佛弟子稱為菩薩。
In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by directly realizing the true nature of reality, Theravāda promotes the concept of Vibhajjavada (Pāli), literally "Teaching of Analysis". This doctrine says that insight must come from the aspirant's experience, critical investigation, and reasoning instead of by blind faith.
小乘佛教的核心是「苦」
- Sammasambuddha, usually just called Buddha, who discovers the truth by himself and teaches the path to awakening to others
- Paccekabuddha, who discovers the truth by himself but lacks the skill to teach others
- Savakabuddha, who receive the truth directly or indirectly from a Sammasambuddha
Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali Nibbana) means "cessation", "extinction" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirthsSamsara), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed";[78] it is also known as "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" in the West. Buddhists believe that anybody who has achieved nirvana is in fact a Buddha.
Middle Way: a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.
Do not accept anything by mere tradition ... Do not accept anything just because it accords with your scriptures ... Do not accept anything merely because it agrees with your pre-conceived notions ... But when you know for yourselves—these things are moral, these things are blameless, these things are praised by the wise, these things, when performed and undertaken, conduce to well-being and happiness—then do you live acting accordingly.
「無明緣行，行緣識，識緣名色，名色緣識」的具體展現。
六根「眼耳鼻舌身意」
外境「色生香味觸法」
觸引發苦受、樂受、中性受，及聯想和意志行為，簡稱為「受」。
由樂受引發貪愛，苦受引發排斥，此為「愛」
由愛則覺 自己所擁有，誤以為有我
此種執取稱為「取」，同「行」的定義。
由取而引發「有」
Theravada Tipitaka scriptures, Mahayana Lalitavistara Sutra, give accounts on the Buddha's life.
Karma (from Sanskrit: action, work)
Śīla (from Sanskrit: ethical conduct)
raga (greed, craving),[79] dosa (hate, aversion)[80] and moha (delusion)
consequence (or fruit, phala)[20] result (vipāka)
atman (“Self"),buddha ("awakened one”), dhamma (“rule” or “law”), karma (“action”), nirvana (“extinguishing”), samsara (“eternal recurrence”) and yoga(“spiritual practice”)
佛教的基本教義從解脫眾生苦難為出發點，以四諦或者四聖諦為核心。
five realms
- Naraka beings: those who live in one of many Narakas (Hells)
- Animals: sharing some space with humans, but considered another type of life
- Preta: sometimes sharing some space with humans, but invisible to most people; an important variety is the hungry ghost[27]
- Human beings: one of the realms of rebirth in which attaining Nirvana is possible
- Asuras: variously translated as lowly deities, demons, titans, antigods; not recognized by Theravada (Mahavihara) tradition as a separate realm.[28]
- Devas including Brahmas: variously translated as gods, deities, spirits, angels, or left untranslated
有情眾生都在天道、人道、阿修羅、畜生、餓鬼和地獄這六道裡生死流轉，無有止境。已经解脱的众生在四圣界 （如西方极乐世界）、摆脱生死轮回之苦。
The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community).
- The Buddha. This is a title for those who have attained Nirvana. See also the Tathāgata and Gautama Buddha. The Buddha could also be represented as a concept instead of a specific person: the perfect wisdom that understands Dharma and sees reality in its true form. In Mahayana Buddhism, the Buddha can be viewed as the supreme Refuge: 'Buddha is the Unique Absolute Refuge. Buddha is the Imperishable, Eternal, Indestructible and Absolute Refuge.'[95]
- The Dharma. The teachings or law of nature as expounded by the Gautama Buddha. It can also, especially in Mahayana, connote the ultimate and sustaining Reality which is inseparable from the Buddha.
- The Sangha. Those who have attained to any of the Four stages of enlightenment, or simply the congregation of monastic practitioners.
According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable.
Buddhist ethics
basic teachings
- the three characteristics
- the five aggregates
- dependent arising
- karma and rebirth
- the four noble truths
- the eightfold path
- nirvana
狹義
佛教典籍包括經、律、論三藏.
經是佛說的經典，又稱為經藏，音譯為修多羅.
律藏音譯為楗度, 也可稱律藏為毘尼藏. 戒律為毘尼.
論藏音譯為阿毘達磨。
廣義的佛教典籍包含了注疏、佛教史傳、佛教目錄、佛教著作等多方面內容.
中國將這樣的佛教廣義佛教經典的匯總成為“大藏經”.
南傳佛教經典為《巴利大藏經》, 或 三藏.
在佛典中明確說明佛陀授權弟子使用方言傳授佛法和記誦經典.
According to the Pali Tipitaka, the Four Noble Truths were the first teaching of Gautama Buddha after attaining Nirvana
- Life as we know it ultimately is or leads to suffering/uneasiness (dukkha) in one way or another.
- Suffering is caused by craving or attachments to worldly pleasures of all kinds. This is often expressed as a deluded clinging to a certain sense of existence, to selfhood, or to the things or phenomena that we consider the cause of happiness or unhappiness.
- Suffering ends when craving ends, when one is freed from desire. This is achieved by eliminating all delusion, thereby reaching a liberated state of Enlightenment (bodhi);
- Reaching this liberated state is achieved by following the path laid out by the Buddha.
- 苦諦：佛教認為人生在世，谁也免不了生老病死等諸多苦難。這些苦難不會因為人的死亡而結束，因為人死之後並不是徹底的消失，仍然會在六道中輪迴不息，不論在天堂、地獄還是人間，苦總是存在的，只是程度不同罷了。[6]佛教還認為，世間的萬物都是變化不定的，沒有永恆，這叫做無常。對眾生來說，這種永無止歇的變化本身就是一種苦。
- 滅諦：佛教認為只要是在六道中輪迴，就無法避免會受苦。有情眾生要想從苦中真正的、徹底的解脫出來，只有脫離輪迴這一個辦法。[8]
知苦；觀察到苦的集起之因；知道苦的集起之因，而知苦的因若滅去則苦能滅去；知道苦的集起之因，從而發展出滅苦的方法。
對苦更深入了解；對苦因更深入了解；已經有些許的苦，因為執行滅苦的方法後而滅去；對於滅苦方法積極的執行。
知道苦已不再來；苦因已消除完畢；所有苦皆滅盡；滅苦方法已經徹底執行完成。
The Noble Eightfold Path, the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths, is the way to the cessation of suffering (dukkha). It has eight sections, each starting with the word samyak (Sanskrit, meaning correctly, properly, or well,[39] frequently translated into English as right), and presented in three groups (NB: Pāli transliterations appear in brackets after Sanskrit ones):
- Prajñā is the wisdom that purifies the mind, allowing it to attain spiritual insight into the true nature of all things. It includes:
- dṛṣṭi (Pāli ditthi): viewing[40] reality as it is, not just as it appears to be.
- saṃkalpa (sankappa): intention[41] of renunciation, freedom and harmlessness.
- Śīla is the ethics or morality, or abstention from unwholesome deeds. It includes:
- vāc (vāca): speaking[42] in a truthful and non-hurtful way
- karman (kammanta): acting[43] in a non-harmful way
- ājīvana (ājīva): a non-harmful livelihood[44]
- Samādhi is the mental discipline required to develop mastery over one’s own mind. This is done through the practice of various contemplative and meditative practices, and includes:
- vyāyāma (vāyāma): making an effort[45] to improve
- smṛti (sati): awareness[46] to see things for what they are with clear consciousness, being aware of the present reality within oneself, without any craving or aversion
- samādhi (samādhi): correct meditation or concentration,[47] explained as the first four dhyānas
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna).
The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.
prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life.
Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed to be deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. In order to be free from suffering and stress, these defilements need to be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique which is part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It will then lead the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbana. Nibbana is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.
印度僧人菩提達摩來到中國創立了禪宗，提倡「不立文字，直指人心」的禪宗法門。禪宗認為解脫不在身外，也無須借助經典的指導。解脫之道就在人的內心，只要能夠放下執著，放下自我，便是解脫。菩提達摩为东土（中国）的禅宗初祖，其后師徒次第相傳，直到傳到五祖弘忍时，禅宗发生分裂，神秀、惠能各号六祖，这两个传承分别被称为北宗和南宗。 最终以惠能为六祖的南宗后来居上成为了禅宗的主流，并发展到五家七派的规模，蔚为大观。
Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Ch'an in Chinese or Zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyana, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.
Vajrayana and Tantra, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayāna or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, TantricBuddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice.
"basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha)
在家众的居士和居士女在皈依後可以自由選擇是否遵守五戒，分別是不殺生、不偷盜、不邪淫、不妄語、不飲酒。不殺生. 酒精麻醉的作用影響智慧的獲得。
- To refrain from taking life (non-violence towards sentient life forms)
- To refrain from taking that which is not given (not committing theft)
- To refrain from sensual (including sexual) misconduct
- To refrain from lying (speaking truth always)
- To refrain from intoxicants which lead to loss of mindfulness (specifically, drugs and alcohol)
- To refrain from eating at the wrong time (only eat from sunrise to noon)
- To refrain from dancing and playing music, wearing jewelry and cosmetics, attending shows and other performances
- To refrain from using high or luxurious seats and bedding
古印度佛教特重對出家人的教育，且熱衷於高深學術的思辨，而無形中相對忽視了對在家信徒的教育，僧團遂逐步成為與在家信徒疏遠的精英集團。佛教在古印度就漸漸成為缺乏民眾基礎的陽春白雪。 失去國王們和上層的支持就更加速了佛教在古印度的衰落。
十二世紀晚期，信奉伊斯蘭教的突厥人入侵印度時，對佛教采取了滅絕性的破壞。那爛陀寺等佛教大學被伊斯蘭教軍隊夷為平地，僧侶遭到屠殺。尤其是那爛陀寺藏書豐富的圖書館被付之一炬，致使佛教和古印度文明的大量典藉從此消失。這一時期古印度佛教的典章文物幾乎喪失殆盡。劫后的佛教學者多攜帶典藉遠走西藏等地。 佛教聖地，例如佛陀出生地的蘭毗尼以及他成佛之處的菩提伽耶，也淪為廢墟。到第13世紀，佛教在它的發源地印度已差不多消失蹤影了。
在二十世紀，佛教的面目經歷另一次改變。由於中國、西藏、蒙古和東南亞各國的政治變動，佛教受到嚴重的打擊。數以千計的寺院和廟宇被摧毁，數十萬僧尼被驅逐、監禁、甚至殺害。不過，佛教的影響力仍然深種在這些地方人民的思想和習俗之中。
“佛弟子”與佛陀的關係 是師傅和徒弟的關系.
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