source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages
The Dravidian family of languages mainly spoken in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran, and overseas in other countries such as Malaysia and Singapore. Among them Tamil,Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam are the members with the most speakers, which have also a long recorded written history.
Dravidian |
Southern | |
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Central | |
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Northern |
Vowels: Proto-Dravidian had ten vowels: a, ā, e, ē, u, ū, i, ī, o, ō. There was contrast between short and long vowels. There were no diphthongs. ai and au are treated as *ay and *av (or *aw) (Subrahmanyam 1983, Zvelebil 1990, Krishnamurti 2003).
Consonants: Proto-Dravidian is reconstructible with the following consonantal phonemes (Subrahmanyam 1983:p40, Zvelebil 1990, Krishnamurti 2003) :
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
Plosive | p | t | ṯ | ṭ | c | k | |
Nasal | m | n | ṉ (??) | ṇ | ñ | | |
Flap | | | r | | | | |
Fricative | | | | ḻ (ṛ, r̤) | | | (H) |
Lateral | | | l | ḷ | | | |
Approximant | v | | | | y | | |
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Number
TamilKannadaTeluguTuluMalayalamKurukhKolamiBrahuiProto-Dravidian
1o
nruonduoka
ṭionjionnuo
ṇṭaokkodasi
ṭ*oru(1)
2ira
ṇṭuera
ḍuren
ḍura
ḍḍra
ṇṭuindi
ŋirā
ṭirā
ṭ*iru(2)
3mū
nrumū
rumū
ḍumūjimūnnumūndmūndi
ŋmusi
ṭ*muC
4nālu, nālku, nā
nkunālkunālugunālnālunā
khnāli
ŋčār (II)*nān
5aintuaiduayiduayNañcupancē (II)ayd
3panč (II)*cayN
6ā
ruā
ruā
ruājiā
rusoyyē (II)ār
3šaš (II)*ca
ru
7ē
ẓuēluē
ḍuyēlē
ẓusattē (II)ē
ḍ 3haft (II)*e
ẓu
8e
ṭṭue
ṇṭuenimidiedmae
ṭṭua
ṭṭhē (II)enumadī
3hašt (II)*e
ṭṭu
9o
npatuombattutommidiormbao
npatunai
ṃyē (II)tomdī
3nōh (II)*to
ḷ
10pattuhattupadipattpattudassē (II)padī
3dah (II)*pat(tu)